Quick Reference¶

PyTypeObject Definition¶

The structure definition for PyTypeObject can be found in Include/object.h. For convenience of reference, this repeats the definition found there:

typedef struct _typeobject {
    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
    const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */
    Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */

    /* Methods to implement standard operations */

    destructor tp_dealloc;
    Py_ssize_t tp_vectorcall_offset;
    getattrfunc tp_getattr;
    setattrfunc tp_setattr;
    PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)
                                    or tp_reserved (Python 3) */
    reprfunc tp_repr;

    /* Method suites for standard classes */

    PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;
    PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;
    PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;

    /* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */

    hashfunc tp_hash;
    ternaryfunc tp_call;
    reprfunc tp_str;
    getattrofunc tp_getattro;
    setattrofunc tp_setattro;

    /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
    PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;

    /* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */
    unsigned long tp_flags;

    const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */

    /* call function for all accessible objects */
    traverseproc tp_traverse;

    /* delete references to contained objects */
    inquiry tp_clear;

    /* rich comparisons */
    richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;

    /* weak reference enabler */
    Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;

    /* Iterators */
    getiterfunc tp_iter;
    iternextfunc tp_iternext;

    /* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */
    struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods;
    struct PyMemberDef *tp_members;
    struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;
    struct _typeobject *tp_base;
    PyObject *tp_dict;
    descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;
    descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;
    Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;
    initproc tp_init;
    allocfunc tp_alloc;
    newfunc tp_new;
    freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */
    inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
    PyObject *tp_bases;
    PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
    PyObject *tp_cache;
    PyObject *tp_subclasses;
    PyObject *tp_weaklist;
    destructor tp_del;

    /* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */
    unsigned int tp_version_tag;

    destructor tp_finalize;

} PyTypeObject;

PyObject Slots¶

The type object structure extends the PyVarObject structure. The ob_size field is used for dynamic types (created by type_new(), usually called from a class statement). Note that PyType_Type (the metatype) initializes tp_itemsize, which means that its instances (i.e. type objects) must have the ob_size field.

PyObject*
PyObject._ob_next
¶

PyObject*
PyObject._ob_prev
¶

These fields are only present when the macro Py_TRACE_REFS is defined. Their initialization to NULL is taken care of by the PyObject_HEAD_INIT macro. For statically allocated objects, these fields always remain NULL. For dynamically allocated objects, these two fields are used to link the object into a doubly-linked list of all live objects on the heap. This could be used for various debugging purposes; currently the only use is to print the objects that are still alive at the end of a run when the environment variable PYTHONDUMPREFS is set.

Inheritance:

These fields are not inherited by subtypes.

Py_ssize_t
PyObject.ob_refcnt
¶

This is the type object's reference count, initialized to 1 by the PyObject_HEAD_INIT macro. Note that for statically allocated type objects, the type's instances (objects whose ob_type points back to the type) do not count as references. But for dynamically allocated type objects, the instances do count as references.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes.

PyTypeObject*
PyObject.ob_type
¶

This is the type's type, in other words its metatype. It is initialized by the argument to the PyObject_HEAD_INIT macro, and its value should normally be &PyType_Type. However, for dynamically loadable extension modules that must be usable on Windows (at least), the compiler complains that this is not a valid initializer. Therefore, the convention is to pass NULL to the PyObject_HEAD_INIT macro and to initialize this field explicitly at the start of the module's initialization function, before doing anything else. This is typically done like this:

Foo_Type.ob_type = &PyType_Type;

This should be done before any instances of the type are created. PyType_Ready() checks if ob_type is NULL, and if so, initializes it to the ob_type field of the base class. PyType_Ready() will not change this field if it is non-zero.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

PyVarObject Slots¶

Py_ssize_t
PyVarObject.ob_size
¶

For statically allocated type objects, this should be initialized to zero. For dynamically allocated type objects, this field has a special internal meaning.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes.

PyTypeObject Slots¶

Each slot has a section describing inheritance. If PyType_Ready() may set a value when the field is set to NULL then there will also be a ?Default? section. (Note that many fields set on PyBaseObject_Type and PyType_Type effectively act as defaults.)

const char*
PyTypeObject.tp_name
¶

Pointer to a NUL-terminated string containing the name of the type. For types that are accessible as module globals, the string should be the full module name, followed by a dot, followed by the type name; for built-in types, it should be just the type name. If the module is a submodule of a package, the full package name is part of the full module name. For example, a type named T defined in module M in subpackage Q in package P should have the tp_name initializer "P.Q.M.T".

For dynamically allocated type objects, this should just be the type name, and the module name explicitly stored in the type dict as the value for key '__module__'.

For statically allocated type objects, the tp_name field should contain a dot. Everything before the last dot is made accessible as the __module__ attribute, and everything after the last dot is made accessible as the __name__ attribute.

If no dot is present, the entire tp_name field is made accessible as the __name__ attribute, and the __module__ attribute is undefined (unless explicitly set in the dictionary, as explained above). This means your type will be impossible to pickle. Additionally, it will not be listed in module documentations created with pydoc.

This field must not be NULL. It is the only required field in PyTypeObject() (other than potentially tp_itemsize).

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize
¶

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize
¶

These fields allow calculating the size in bytes of instances of the type.

There are two kinds of types: types with fixed-length instances have a zero tp_itemsize field, types with variable-length instances have a non-zero tp_itemsize field. For a type with fixed-length instances, all instances have the same size, given in tp_basicsize.

For a type with variable-length instances, the instances must have an ob_size field, and the instance size is tp_basicsize plus N times tp_itemsize, where N is the ?length? of the object. The value of N is typically stored in the instance's ob_size field. There are exceptions: for example, ints use a negative ob_size to indicate a negative number, and N is abs(ob_size) there. Also, the presence of an ob_size field in the instance layout doesn?t mean that the instance structure is variable-length (for example, the structure for the list type has fixed-length instances, yet those instances have a meaningful ob_size field).

The basic size includes the fields in the instance declared by the macro PyObject_HEAD or PyObject_VAR_HEAD (whichever is used to declare the instance struct) and this in turn includes the _ob_prev and _ob_next fields if they are present. This means that the only correct way to get an initializer for the tp_basicsize is to use the sizeof operator on the struct used to declare the instance layout. The basic size does not include the GC header size.

A note about alignment: if the variable items require a particular alignment, this should be taken care of by the value of tp_basicsize. Example: suppose a type implements an array of double. tp_itemsize is sizeof(double). It is the programmer's responsibility that tp_basicsize is a multiple of sizeof(double) (assuming this is the alignment requirement for double).

For any type with variable-length instances, this field must not be NULL.

Inheritance:

These fields are inherited separately by subtypes. If the base type has a non-zero tp_itemsize, it is generally not safe to set tp_itemsize to a different non-zero value in a subtype (though this depends on the implementation of the base type).

destructor
PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc
¶

A pointer to the instance destructor function. This function must be defined unless the type guarantees that its instances will never be deallocated (as is the case for the singletons None and Ellipsis). The function signature is:

void tp_dealloc(PyObject *self);

The destructor function is called by the Py_DECREF() and Py_XDECREF() macros when the new reference count is zero. At this point, the instance is still in existence, but there are no references to it. The destructor function should free all references which the instance owns, free all memory buffers owned by the instance (using the freeing function corresponding to the allocation function used to allocate the buffer), and call the type's tp_free function. If the type is not subtypable (doesn?t have the Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE flag bit set), it is permissible to call the object deallocator directly instead of via tp_free. The object deallocator should be the one used to allocate the instance; this is normally PyObject_Del() if the instance was allocated using PyObject_New() or PyObject_VarNew(), or PyObject_GC_Del() if the instance was allocated using PyObject_GC_New() or PyObject_GC_NewVar().

Finally, if the type is heap allocated (Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE), the deallocator should decrement the reference count for its type object after calling the type deallocator. In order to avoid dangling pointers, the recommended way to achieve this is:

static void foo_dealloc(foo_object *self) {
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
    // free references and buffers here
    tp->tp_free(self);
    Py_DECREF(tp);
}

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset
¶

An optional offset to a per-instance function that implements calling the object using the vectorcall protocol, a more efficient alternative of the simpler tp_call.

This field is only used if the flag _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL is set. If so, this must be a positive integer containing the offset in the instance of a vectorcallfunc pointer. The signature is the same as for _PyObject_Vectorcall():

PyObject *vectorcallfunc(PyObject *callable, PyObject *const *args, size_t nargsf, PyObject *kwnames)

The vectorcallfunc pointer may be zero, in which case the instance behaves as if _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL was not set: calling the instance falls back to tp_call.

Any class that sets _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL must also set tp_call and make sure its behaviour is consistent with the vectorcallfunc function. This can be done by setting tp_call to PyVectorcall_Call:

PyObject *
PyVectorcall_Call
(
PyObject
 *callable,
PyObject
 *tuple,
PyObject
 *dict
)
¶

Call callable's vectorcallfunc with positional and keyword arguments given in a tuple and dict, respectively.

This function is intended to be used in the tp_call slot. It does not fall back to tp_call and it currently does not check the _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL flag. To call an object, use one of the PyObject_Call functions instead.

Note

It is not recommended for heap types to implement the vectorcall protocol. When a user sets __call__ in Python code, only tp_call is updated, possibly making it inconsistent with the vectorcall function.

Note

The semantics of the tp_vectorcall_offset slot are provisional and expected to be finalized in Python 3.9. If you use vectorcall, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.

Changed in version 3.8: This slot was used for print formatting in Python 2.x. In Python 3.0 to 3.7, it was reserved and named tp_print.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_call: a subtype inherits tp_vectorcall_offset from its base type when the subtype's tp_call is NULL.

Note that heap types (including subclasses defined in Python) do not inherit the _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL flag.

getattrfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_getattr
¶

An optional pointer to the get-attribute-string function.

This field is deprecated. When it is defined, it should point to a function that acts the same as the tp_getattro function, but taking a C string instead of a Python string object to give the attribute name.

Inheritance:

Group: tp_getattr, tp_getattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_getattro: a subtype inherits both tp_getattr and tp_getattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_getattr and tp_getattro are both NULL.

setattrfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_setattr
¶

An optional pointer to the function for setting and deleting attributes.

This field is deprecated. When it is defined, it should point to a function that acts the same as the tp_setattro function, but taking a C string instead of a Python string object to give the attribute name.

Inheritance:

Group: tp_setattr, tp_setattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_setattro: a subtype inherits both tp_setattr and tp_setattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_setattr and tp_setattro are both NULL.

PyAsyncMethods*
PyTypeObject.tp_as_async
¶

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement awaitable and asynchronous iterator protocols at the C-level. See Async Object Structures for details.

New in version 3.5: Formerly known as tp_compare and tp_reserved.

Inheritance:

The tp_as_async field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

reprfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_repr
¶

An optional pointer to a function that implements the built-in function repr().

The signature is the same as for PyObject_Repr():

PyObject *tp_repr(PyObject *self);

The function must return a string or a Unicode object. Ideally, this function should return a string that, when passed to eval(), given a suitable environment, returns an object with the same value. If this is not feasible, it should return a string starting with '<' and ending with '>' from which both the type and the value of the object can be deduced.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Default:

When this field is not set, a string of the form <%s object at %p> is returned, where %s is replaced by the type name, and %p by the object's memory address.

PyNumberMethods*
PyTypeObject.tp_as_number
¶

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement the number protocol. These fields are documented in Number Object Structures.

Inheritance:

The tp_as_number field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

PySequenceMethods*
PyTypeObject.tp_as_sequence
¶

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement the sequence protocol. These fields are documented in Sequence Object Structures.

Inheritance:

The tp_as_sequence field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

PyMappingMethods*
PyTypeObject.tp_as_mapping
¶

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement the mapping protocol. These fields are documented in Mapping Object Structures.

Inheritance:

The tp_as_mapping field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

hashfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_hash
¶

An optional pointer to a function that implements the built-in function hash().

The signature is the same as for PyObject_Hash():

Py_hash_t tp_hash(PyObject *);

The value -1 should not be returned as a normal return value; when an error occurs during the computation of the hash value, the function should set an exception and return -1.

When this field is not set (and tp_richcompare is not set), an attempt to take the hash of the object raises TypeError. This is the same as setting it to PyObject_HashNotImplemented().

This field can be set explicitly to PyObject_HashNotImplemented() to block inheritance of the hash method from a parent type. This is interpreted as the equivalent of __hash__ = None at the Python level, causing isinstance(o, collections.Hashable) to correctly return False. Note that the converse is also true - setting __hash__ = None on a class at the Python level will result in the tp_hash slot being set to PyObject_HashNotImplemented().

Inheritance:

Group: tp_hash, tp_richcompare

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_richcompare: a subtype inherits both of tp_richcompare and tp_hash, when the subtype's tp_richcompare and tp_hash are both NULL.

ternaryfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_call
¶

An optional pointer to a function that implements calling the object. This should be NULL if the object is not callable. The signature is the same as for PyObject_Call():

PyObject *tp_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs);

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

reprfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_str
¶

An optional pointer to a function that implements the built-in operation str(). (Note that str is a type now, and str() calls the constructor for that type. This constructor calls PyObject_Str() to do the actual work, and PyObject_Str() will call this handler.)

The signature is the same as for PyObject_Str():

PyObject *tp_str(PyObject *self);

The function must return a string or a Unicode object. It should be a ?friendly? string representation of the object, as this is the representation that will be used, among other things, by the print() function.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Default:

When this field is not set, PyObject_Repr() is called to return a string representation.

getattrofunc
PyTypeObject.tp_getattro
¶

An optional pointer to the get-attribute function.

The signature is the same as for PyObject_GetAttr():

PyObject *tp_getattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr);

It is usually convenient to set this field to PyObject_GenericGetAttr(), which implements the normal way of looking for object attributes.

Inheritance:

Group: tp_getattr, tp_getattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_getattr: a subtype inherits both tp_getattr and tp_getattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_getattr and tp_getattro are both NULL.

Default:

PyBaseObject_Type uses PyObject_GenericGetAttr().

setattrofunc
PyTypeObject.tp_setattro
¶

An optional pointer to the function for setting and deleting attributes.

The signature is the same as for PyObject_SetAttr():

PyObject *tp_setattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr, PyObject *value);

In addition, setting value to NULL to delete an attribute must be supported. It is usually convenient to set this field to PyObject_GenericSetAttr(), which implements the normal way of setting object attributes.

Inheritance:

Group: tp_setattr, tp_setattro

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_setattr: a subtype inherits both tp_setattr and tp_setattro from its base type when the subtype's tp_setattr and tp_setattro are both NULL.

Default:

PyBaseObject_Type uses PyObject_GenericSetAttr().

PyBufferProcs*
PyTypeObject.tp_as_buffer
¶

Pointer to an additional structure that contains fields relevant only to objects which implement the buffer interface. These fields are documented in Buffer Object Structures.

Inheritance:

The tp_as_buffer field is not inherited, but the contained fields are inherited individually.

unsigned long
PyTypeObject.tp_flags
¶

This field is a bit mask of various flags. Some flags indicate variant semantics for certain situations; others are used to indicate that certain fields in the type object (or in the extension structures referenced via tp_as_number, tp_as_sequence, tp_as_mapping, and tp_as_buffer) that were historically not always present are valid; if such a flag bit is clear, the type fields it guards must not be accessed and must be considered to have a zero or NULL value instead.

Inheritance:

Inheritance of this field is complicated. Most flag bits are inherited individually, i.e. if the base type has a flag bit set, the subtype inherits this flag bit. The flag bits that pertain to extension structures are strictly inherited if the extension structure is inherited, i.e. the base type's value of the flag bit is copied into the subtype together with a pointer to the extension structure. The Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is inherited together with the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields, i.e. if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is clear in the subtype and the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields in the subtype exist and have NULL values.

Default:

PyBaseObject_Type uses Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE.

Bit Masks:

The following bit masks are currently defined; these can be ORed together using the | operator to form the value of the tp_flags field. The macro PyType_HasFeature() takes a type and a flags value, tp and f, and checks whether tp->tp_flags & f is non-zero.

Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
¶

This bit is set when the type object itself is allocated on the heap, for example, types created dynamically using PyType_FromSpec(). In this case, the ob_type field of its instances is considered a reference to the type, and the type object is INCREF?ed when a new instance is created, and DECREF?ed when an instance is destroyed (this does not apply to instances of subtypes; only the type referenced by the instance's ob_type gets INCREF?ed or DECREF?ed).

Inheritance:

???

Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE
¶

This bit is set when the type can be used as the base type of another type. If this bit is clear, the type cannot be subtyped (similar to a ?final? class in Java).

Inheritance:

???

Py_TPFLAGS_READY
¶

This bit is set when the type object has been fully initialized by PyType_Ready().

Inheritance:

???

Py_TPFLAGS_READYING
¶

This bit is set while PyType_Ready() is in the process of initializing the type object.

Inheritance:

???

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
¶

This bit is set when the object supports garbage collection. If this bit is set, instances must be created using PyObject_GC_New() and destroyed using PyObject_GC_Del(). More information in section Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection. This bit also implies that the GC-related fields tp_traverse and tp_clear are present in the type object.

Inheritance:

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

The Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is inherited together with the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields, i.e. if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is clear in the subtype and the tp_traverse and tp_clear fields in the subtype exist and have NULL values.

Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT
¶

This is a bitmask of all the bits that pertain to the existence of certain fields in the type object and its extension structures. Currently, it includes the following bits: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG.

Inheritance:

???

Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR
¶

This bit indicates that objects behave like unbound methods.

If this flag is set for type(meth), then:

• meth.__get__(obj, cls)(*args, **kwds) (with obj not None) must be equivalent to meth(obj, *args, **kwds).




• meth.__get__(None, cls)(*args, **kwds) must be equivalent to meth(*args, **kwds).

This flag enables an optimization for typical method calls like obj.meth(): it avoids creating a temporary ?bound method? object for obj.meth.

New in version 3.8.

Inheritance:

This flag is never inherited by heap types. For extension types, it is inherited whenever tp_descr_get is inherited.

Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_LIST_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_DICT_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_BASE_EXC_SUBCLASS
¶

Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS
¶

These flags are used by functions such as PyLong_Check() to quickly determine if a type is a subclass of a built-in type; such specific checks are faster than a generic check, like PyObject_IsInstance(). Custom types that inherit from built-ins should have their tp_flags set appropriately, or the code that interacts with such types will behave differently depending on what kind of check is used.

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE
¶

This bit is set when the tp_finalize slot is present in the type structure.

New in version 3.4.

Deprecated since version 3.8: This flag isn?t necessary anymore, as the interpreter assumes the tp_finalize slot is always present in the type structure.

_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL
¶

This bit is set when the class implements the vectorcall protocol. See tp_vectorcall_offset for details.

Inheritance:

This bit is set on static subtypes if tp_flags is not overridden: a subtype inherits _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL from its base type when the subtype's tp_call is NULL and the subtype's Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE is not set.

Heap types do not inherit _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL.

Note

This flag is provisional and expected to become public in Python 3.9, with a different name and, possibly, changed semantics. If you use vectorcall, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.

New in version 3.8.

const char*
PyTypeObject.tp_doc
¶

An optional pointer to a NUL-terminated C string giving the docstring for this type object. This is exposed as the __doc__ attribute on the type and instances of the type.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes.

traverseproc
PyTypeObject.tp_traverse
¶

An optional pointer to a traversal function for the garbage collector. This is only used if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is set. The signature is:

int tp_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg);

More information about Python's garbage collection scheme can be found in section Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection.

The tp_traverse pointer is used by the garbage collector to detect reference cycles. A typical implementation of a tp_traverse function simply calls Py_VISIT() on each of the instance's members that are Python objects. For example, this is function local_traverse() from the _thread extension module:

Was it clear so far?

static int
local_traverse(localobject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->args);
    Py_VISIT(self->kw);
    Py_VISIT(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

Note that Py_VISIT() is called only on those members that can participate in reference cycles. Although there is also a self->key member, it can only be NULL or a Python string and therefore cannot be part of a reference cycle.

On the other hand, even if you know a member can never be part of a cycle, as a debugging aid you may want to visit it anyway just so the gc module's get_referents() function will include it.

Note that Py_VISIT() requires the visit and arg parameters to local_traverse() to have these specific names; don?t name them just anything.

Inheritance:

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_clear and the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit: the flag bit, tp_traverse, and tp_clear are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

inquiry
PyTypeObject.tp_clear
¶

An optional pointer to a clear function for the garbage collector. This is only used if the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit is set. The signature is:

int tp_clear(PyObject *);

The tp_clear member function is used to break reference cycles in cyclic garbage detected by the garbage collector. Taken together, all tp_clear functions in the system must combine to break all reference cycles. This is subtle, and if in any doubt supply a tp_clear function. For example, the tuple type does not implement a tp_clear function, because it's possible to prove that no reference cycle can be composed entirely of tuples. Therefore the tp_clear functions of other types must be sufficient to break any cycle containing a tuple. This isn?t immediately obvious, and there's rarely a good reason to avoid implementing tp_clear.

Implementations of tp_clear should drop the instance's references to those of its members that may be Python objects, and set its pointers to those members to NULL, as in the following example:

static int
local_clear(localobject *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->key);
    Py_CLEAR(self->args);
    Py_CLEAR(self->kw);
    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

The Py_CLEAR() macro should be used, because clearing references is delicate: the reference to the contained object must not be decremented until after the pointer to the contained object is set to NULL. This is because decrementing the reference count may cause the contained object to become trash, triggering a chain of reclamation activity that may include invoking arbitrary Python code (due to finalizers, or weakref callbacks, associated with the contained object). If it's possible for such code to reference self again, it's important that the pointer to the contained object be NULL at that time, so that self knows the contained object can no longer be used. The Py_CLEAR() macro performs the operations in a safe order.

Because the goal of tp_clear functions is to break reference cycles, it's not necessary to clear contained objects like Python strings or Python integers, which can?t participate in reference cycles. On the other hand, it may be convenient to clear all contained Python objects, and write the type's tp_dealloc function to invoke tp_clear.

More information about Python's garbage collection scheme can be found in section Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection.

Inheritance:

Group: Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, tp_traverse, tp_clear

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_traverse and the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit: the flag bit, tp_traverse, and tp_clear are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

richcmpfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_richcompare
¶

An optional pointer to the rich comparison function, whose signature is:

PyObject *tp_richcompare(PyObject *self, PyObject *other, int op);

The first parameter is guaranteed to be an instance of the type that is defined by PyTypeObject.

The function should return the result of the comparison (usually Py_True or Py_False). If the comparison is undefined, it must return Py_NotImplemented, if another error occurred it must return NULL and set an exception condition.

The following constants are defined to be used as the third argument for tp_richcompare and for PyObject_RichCompare():

Constant	Comparison
Py_LT	<
Py_LE	<=
Py_EQ	==
Py_NE	!=
Py_GT	>
Py_GE	>=

The following macro is defined to ease writing rich comparison functions:

PyObject *
Py_RETURN_RICHCOMPARE
(VAL_A, VAL_B, int
 op
)
¶

Return Py_True or Py_False from the function, depending on the result of a comparison. VAL_A and VAL_B must be orderable by C comparison operators (for example, they may be C ints or floats). The third argument specifies the requested operation, as for PyObject_RichCompare().

The return value's reference count is properly incremented.

On error, sets an exception and returns NULL from the function.

New in version 3.7.

Inheritance:

Group: tp_hash, tp_richcompare

This field is inherited by subtypes together with tp_hash: a subtype inherits tp_richcompare and tp_hash when the subtype's tp_richcompare and tp_hash are both NULL.

Default:

PyBaseObject_Type provides a tp_richcompare implementation, which may be inherited. However, if only tp_hash is defined, not even the inherited function is used and instances of the type will not be able to participate in any comparisons.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset
¶

If the instances of this type are weakly referenceable, this field is greater than zero and contains the offset in the instance structure of the weak reference list head (ignoring the GC header, if present); this offset is used by PyObject_ClearWeakRefs() and the PyWeakref_*() functions. The instance structure needs to include a field of type PyObject* which is initialized to NULL.

Do not confuse this field with tp_weaklist; that is the list head for weak references to the type object itself.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes, but see the rules listed below. A subtype may override this offset; this means that the subtype uses a different weak reference list head than the base type. Since the list head is always found via tp_weaklistoffset, this should not be a problem.

When a type defined by a class statement has no __slots__ declaration, and none of its base types are weakly referenceable, the type is made weakly referenceable by adding a weak reference list head slot to the instance layout and setting the tp_weaklistoffset of that slot's offset.

When a type's __slots__ declaration contains a slot named __weakref__, that slot becomes the weak reference list head for instances of the type, and the slot's offset is stored in the type's tp_weaklistoffset.

When a type's __slots__ declaration does not contain a slot named __weakref__, the type inherits its tp_weaklistoffset from its base type.

getiterfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_iter
¶

An optional pointer to a function that returns an iterator for the object. Its presence normally signals that the instances of this type are iterable (although sequences may be iterable without this function).

This function has the same signature as PyObject_GetIter():

PyObject *tp_iter(PyObject *self);

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

iternextfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_iternext
¶

An optional pointer to a function that returns the next item in an iterator. The signature is:

PyObject *tp_iternext(PyObject *self);

When the iterator is exhausted, it must return NULL; a StopIteration exception may or may not be set. When another error occurs, it must return NULL too. Its presence signals that the instances of this type are iterators.

Iterator types should also define the tp_iter function, and that function should return the iterator instance itself (not a new iterator instance).

This function has the same signature as PyIter_Next().

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

struct
PyMethodDef*
PyTypeObject.tp_methods
¶

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyMethodDef structures, declaring regular methods of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a method descriptor.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes (methods are inherited through a different mechanism).

struct
PyMemberDef*
PyTypeObject.tp_members
¶

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyMemberDef structures, declaring regular data members (fields or slots) of instances of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a member descriptor.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes (members are inherited through a different mechanism).

struct
PyGetSetDef*
PyTypeObject.tp_getset
¶

An optional pointer to a static NULL-terminated array of PyGetSetDef structures, declaring computed attributes of instances of this type.

For each entry in the array, an entry is added to the type's dictionary (see tp_dict below) containing a getset descriptor.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes (computed attributes are inherited through a different mechanism).

PyTypeObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_base
¶

An optional pointer to a base type from which type properties are inherited. At this level, only single inheritance is supported; multiple inheritance require dynamically creating a type object by calling the metatype.

Note

Slot initialization is subject to the rules of initializing globals. C99 requires the initializers to be ?address constants?. Function designators like PyType_GenericNew(), with implicit conversion to a pointer, are valid C99 address constants.

However, the unary ?&? operator applied to a non-static variable like PyBaseObject_Type() is not required to produce an address constant. Compilers may support this (gcc does), MSVC does not. Both compilers are strictly standard conforming in this particular behavior.

Consequently, tp_base should be set in the extension module's init function.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes (obviously).

Default:

This field defaults to &PyBaseObject_Type (which to Python programmers is known as the type object).

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_dict
¶

The type's dictionary is stored here by PyType_Ready().

This field should normally be initialized to NULL before PyType_Ready is called; it may also be initialized to a dictionary containing initial attributes for the type. Once PyType_Ready() has initialized the type, extra attributes for the type may be added to this dictionary only if they don?t correspond to overloaded operations (like __add__()).

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited by subtypes (though the attributes defined in here are inherited through a different mechanism).

Default:

If this field is NULL, PyType_Ready() will assign a new dictionary to it.

Warning

It is not safe to use PyDict_SetItem() on or otherwise modify tp_dict with the dictionary C-API.

descrgetfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_descr_get
¶

An optional pointer to a ?descriptor get? function.

The function signature is:

PyObject * tp_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type);

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

descrsetfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_descr_set
¶

An optional pointer to a function for setting and deleting a descriptor's value.

The function signature is:

int tp_descr_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *value);

The value argument is set to NULL to delete the value.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset
¶

If the instances of this type have a dictionary containing instance variables, this field is non-zero and contains the offset in the instances of the type of the instance variable dictionary; this offset is used by PyObject_GenericGetAttr().

Do not confuse this field with tp_dict; that is the dictionary for attributes of the type object itself.

If the value of this field is greater than zero, it specifies the offset from the start of the instance structure. If the value is less than zero, it specifies the offset from the end of the instance structure. A negative offset is more expensive to use, and should only be used when the instance structure contains a variable-length part. This is used for example to add an instance variable dictionary to subtypes of str or tuple. Note that the tp_basicsize field should account for the dictionary added to the end in that case, even though the dictionary is not included in the basic object layout. On a system with a pointer size of 4 bytes, tp_dictoffset should be set to -4 to indicate that the dictionary is at the very end of the structure.

The real dictionary offset in an instance can be computed from a negative tp_dictoffset as follows:

dictoffset = tp_basicsize + abs(ob_size)*tp_itemsize + tp_dictoffset
if dictoffset is not aligned on sizeof(void*):
    round up to sizeof(void*)

where tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize and tp_dictoffset are taken from the type object, and ob_size is taken from the instance. The absolute value is taken because ints use the sign of ob_size to store the sign of the number. (There's never a need to do this calculation yourself; it is done for you by _PyObject_GetDictPtr().)

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes, but see the rules listed below. A subtype may override this offset; this means that the subtype instances store the dictionary at a difference offset than the base type. Since the dictionary is always found via tp_dictoffset, this should not be a problem.

When a type defined by a class statement has no __slots__ declaration, and none of its base types has an instance variable dictionary, a dictionary slot is added to the instance layout and the tp_dictoffset is set to that slot's offset.

When a type defined by a class statement has a __slots__ declaration, the type inherits its tp_dictoffset from its base type.

(Adding a slot named __dict__ to the __slots__ declaration does not have the expected effect, it just causes confusion. Maybe this should be added as a feature just like __weakref__ though.)

Default:

This slot has no default. For static types, if the field is NULL then no __dict__ gets created for instances.

initproc
PyTypeObject.tp_init
¶

An optional pointer to an instance initialization function.

This function corresponds to the __init__() method of classes. Like __init__(), it is possible to create an instance without calling __init__(), and it is possible to reinitialize an instance by calling its __init__() method again.

The function signature is:

int tp_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

The self argument is the instance to be initialized; the args and kwds arguments represent positional and keyword arguments of the call to __init__().

The tp_init function, if not NULL, is called when an instance is created normally by calling its type, after the type's tp_new function has returned an instance of the type. If the tp_new function returns an instance of some other type that is not a subtype of the original type, no tp_init function is called; if tp_new returns an instance of a subtype of the original type, the subtype's tp_init is called.

Returns 0 on success, -1 and sets an exception on error.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Default:

For static types this field does not have a default.

allocfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_alloc
¶

An optional pointer to an instance allocation function.

The function signature is:

PyObject *tp_alloc(PyTypeObject *self, Py_ssize_t nitems);

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement).

Default:

For dynamic subtypes, this field is always set to PyType_GenericAlloc(), to force a standard heap allocation strategy.

For static subtypes, PyBaseObject_Type uses PyType_GenericAlloc(). That is the recommended value for all statically defined types.

newfunc
PyTypeObject.tp_new
¶

An optional pointer to an instance creation function.

The function signature is:

PyObject *tp_new(PyTypeObject *subtype, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

The subtype argument is the type of the object being created; the args and kwds arguments represent positional and keyword arguments of the call to the type. Note that subtype doesn?t have to equal the type whose tp_new function is called; it may be a subtype of that type (but not an unrelated type).

The tp_new function should call subtype->tp_alloc(subtype, nitems) to allocate space for the object, and then do only as much further initialization as is absolutely necessary. Initialization that can safely be ignored or repeated should be placed in the tp_init handler. A good rule of thumb is that for immutable types, all initialization should take place in tp_new, while for mutable types, most initialization should be deferred to tp_init.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes, except it is not inherited by static types whose tp_base is NULL or &PyBaseObject_Type.

Default:

For static types this field has no default. This means if the slot is defined as NULL, the type cannot be called to create new instances; presumably there is some other way to create instances, like a factory function.

freefunc
PyTypeObject.tp_free
¶

An optional pointer to an instance deallocation function. Its signature is:

void tp_free(void *self);

An initializer that is compatible with this signature is PyObject_Free().

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by static subtypes, but not by dynamic subtypes (subtypes created by a class statement)

Default:

In dynamic subtypes, this field is set to a deallocator suitable to match PyType_GenericAlloc() and the value of the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit.

For static subtypes, PyBaseObject_Type uses PyObject_Del.

inquiry
PyTypeObject.tp_is_gc
¶

An optional pointer to a function called by the garbage collector.

The garbage collector needs to know whether a particular object is collectible or not. Normally, it is sufficient to look at the object's type's tp_flags field, and check the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC flag bit. But some types have a mixture of statically and dynamically allocated instances, and the statically allocated instances are not collectible. Such types should define this function; it should return 1 for a collectible instance, and 0 for a non-collectible instance. The signature is:

int tp_is_gc(PyObject *self);

(The only example of this are types themselves. The metatype, PyType_Type, defines this function to distinguish between statically and dynamically allocated types.)

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

Default:

This slot has no default. If this field is NULL, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC is used as the functional equivalent.

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_bases
¶

Tuple of base types.

This is set for types created by a class statement. It should be NULL for statically defined types.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited.

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_mro
¶

Tuple containing the expanded set of base types, starting with the type itself and ending with object, in Method Resolution Order.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited; it is calculated fresh by PyType_Ready().

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_cache
¶

Unused. Internal use only.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited.

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses
¶

List of weak references to subclasses. Internal use only.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited.

PyObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist
¶

Weak reference list head, for weak references to this type object. Not inherited. Internal use only.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited.

destructor
PyTypeObject.tp_del
¶

This field is deprecated. Use tp_finalize instead.

unsigned int
PyTypeObject.tp_version_tag
¶

Used to index into the method cache. Internal use only.

Inheritance:

This field is not inherited.

destructor
PyTypeObject.tp_finalize
¶

An optional pointer to an instance finalization function. Its signature is:

void tp_finalize(PyObject *self);

If tp_finalize is set, the interpreter calls it once when finalizing an instance. It is called either from the garbage collector (if the instance is part of an isolated reference cycle) or just before the object is deallocated. Either way, it is guaranteed to be called before attempting to break reference cycles, ensuring that it finds the object in a sane state.

tp_finalize should not mutate the current exception status; therefore, a recommended way to write a non-trivial finalizer is:

static void
local_finalize(PyObject *self)
{
    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;

    /* Save the current exception, if any. */
    PyErr_Fetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);

    /* ... */

    /* Restore the saved exception. */
    PyErr_Restore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
}

For this field to be taken into account (even through inheritance), you must also set the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE flags bit.

Inheritance:

This field is inherited by subtypes.

New in version 3.4.

See also

?Safe object finalization? (PEP 442)

The remaining fields are only defined if the feature test macro COUNT_ALLOCS is defined, and are for internal use only. They are documented here for completeness. None of these fields are inherited by subtypes.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_allocs
¶

Number of allocations.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_frees
¶

Number of frees.

Py_ssize_t
PyTypeObject.tp_maxalloc
¶

Maximum simultaneously allocated objects.

PyTypeObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_prev
¶

Pointer to the previous type object with a non-zero tp_allocs field.

PyTypeObject*
PyTypeObject.tp_next
¶

Pointer to the next type object with a non-zero tp_allocs field.

Also, note that, in a garbage collected Python, tp_dealloc may be called from any Python thread, not just the thread which created the object (if the object becomes part of a refcount cycle, that cycle might be collected by a garbage collection on any thread). This is not a problem for Python API calls, since the thread on which tp_dealloc is called will own the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). However, if the object being destroyed in turn destroys objects from some other C or C++ library, care should be taken to ensure that destroying those objects on the thread which called tp_dealloc will not violate any assumptions of the library.

Heap Types¶

Traditionally, types defined in C code are static, that is, a static PyTypeObject structure is defined directly in code and initialized using PyType_Ready().

This results in types that are limited relative to types defined in Python:

• Static types are limited to one base, i.e. they cannot use multiple inheritance.




• Static type objects (but not necessarily their instances) are immutable. It is not possible to add or modify the type object's attributes from Python.




• Static type objects are shared across sub-interpreters, so they should not include any subinterpreter-specific state.

Also, since PyTypeObject is not part of the stable ABI, any extension modules using static types must be compiled for a specific Python minor version.

An alternative to static types is heap-allocated types, or heap types for short, which correspond closely to classes created by Python's class statement.

This is done by filling a PyType_Spec structure and calling PyType_FromSpecWithBases().